Drugs in Horsemeat

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Why Would You Want to Eat Horsemeat?

Horsemeat can be hazardous to your health.

Many of the drugs and medications commonly used in horses are on the FDA's list of prohibited drugs in food animals.  Horses, not being collectively raised as a food source in this country, are administered countless drugs over the course of their lifetimes including, but not limited to, wormers and legal racing medications.  The length of time that these drugs remain in the meat, and the effects of those drugs on human consumption, is being ignored.  Why does the FDA/USDA overlook the fact that horses sent to the slaughter houses have been repeatedly administered drugs with datasheets which clearly state "Horses, not for meat production?"  Who bears the responsibility for this action which seems clearly more than an oversight?

 

7/9/08: Hendra Virus, fatal to both horses and humans, returns.

Resurfacing in Queensland, 3 horses have tested positive.  This should be a concern of some magnitude regarding the origin of horsemeat.

Drug data compiled from Food and Drug Administration

and drug datasheets.

 

FROM USDA: Sec. 615.300 Responsibility for Illegal Drug Residues in Meat, Milk, and Eggs (CPG 7125.05) "Our policy is to hold responsible any individual in the production and marketing chain who can be shown to have been responsible for having "caused" (by any act of commission or omission) illegal drug residues in edible animal products."


Table of Contents to Drugs in Horsemeat:

Cautions and Incidents

Horsemeat contaminated with harmful drugs, disease, or illegally labeled

 

Horsemeat illegally sold as other forms of meat

2/21/07 Authorities in Peru seize 3 tons of horsemeat that was being sold to unsuspecting consumers as beef.

In 2002 a Calgary, Canada a retail chain food market was found guilty of selling horsemeat labeled as beef.


Equine Infectious Anemia in horsemeat

It's not a drug, but a disease.  EIA, Equine Infectious Anemia, and the "virus reproduces in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart, cardiovascular system, and other organs in the horse's body When an infected horse dies or is destroyed, lesions can also be found in the lymph nodes, and even in the nervous system."  What does Mississippi State University  recommend an owner to do with these horses? "Should a horse be identified as positive, the owner has three options. First, the horse can be humanely destroyed; second, it can be sold for slaughter; or third, the horse can be quarantined."  In other words, the horsemeat that is being eaten could be taken from an infected horse.

 

EIA found in horse spleen.


African Horse Sickness transmitted to dogs eating infected horsemeat. 


Borna Disease virus and the consumption of raw horse meat.


If you eat horse meat, you should be concerned about the deadly Hendra VirusTransmitted to people through tissue or secretions of infected horses, either by injection or orally, it has a high incidence of mortality.  Australian veterinarian hospitalized on 8/26/07 for infection contacted while performing autopsy on infected Thoroughbred.


Listeria in horsemeat


Trichinosis in horsemeat

Numerous outbreaks of human trichinellosis in France and Italy stem from horsemeat and result in hospitalization.  Random testing found trichinellosis present in varying degrees on carcass locations of infected horses.  Still, the meat was released for human consumption.

Trichinosis:  How long does it remain in horsemeat following slaughter?

These data demonstrate that infective T. spiralis, a non-freeze tolerant species, can survive for at least 4 weeks in horse tissue frozen at −5 or −18 °C, ...
 

Trichinosis transmitted through horsemeat.  Found in France in 1997 and 1985.

"In spite of all prevention measures, a new outbreak of trichinosis occurred in 1993 and was responsible for more than 500 cases. This outbreak was due to a horse carcass that was marked “trichinella free” and was originally from a slaughterhouse of North America. This outbreak questioned the screening techniques in place at that time. The origin of these horses’ infection remained unknown."

 

Trichinosis outbreak among Yugoslavian immigrants in England in 1999 traced to horsemeat.


Cadmium in horse liver and kidneys may render those tissues unsafe for human consumption.


Parasites in Horses

Trichinella - larvae of species of worm.  Causes Trichinosis through ingestion of infected meat.  Outbreaks in France in 1985 traced to horsemeat originating from U.S. slaughterhouse.

 

Toxoplasma gondii - Toxoplasmosis, common in many animals used for food.  Can survive in tissue cysts for many years.


Salmonella

Salmonella in imported horsemeat in France in 2003.


Drugs in Horsemeat

Horse May Be Hazardous - You are what you eat (or what's in what you eat, if it happens to be horsemeat) Phenylbutazone (bute) in horsemeat.

 

Care for a drink with your dinner?  Nebraska veterinarian goes on trial for illegally injecting horses with vodka.  It should be noted that, unless specifically requested and tested for, substances do not necessarily show up in testing.

 

Cobra Venom injected in harness horse could bring lifetime suspension for trainers.

 

Doping in horses.  2004 study shows results of sampling for drugs in competition horses.

 

California Horse Industry's legislative efforts to prevent misuse of medications in show and/or sale horses.  California Department of Food and Agriculture Equine Medication Monitoring Program - effective January 1, 2007.

 

Standardbreds found to have been injected with Cobra venom and anemia drug, Epogen.

 

EPO (Epogen) believed to be used in approximately 50% of the Standardbreds at Monticello Raceway.  The use of the illegal drug is wide spread and the testing for it is difficult.  Thoroughbreds are also being tested for the drug.  EPO can have deadly side effects and could promote cancer growth.

 

Reserpine (also referred to by other brand names Serpacil, Harmonyl, Raudixin, Rauval, Rauverid, Serpalan, Wolfina, Novoreserpine,  Reserfia) has been used in competition horses as a tranquilizer of sorts.  Reserpine is a blood pressure medication, and the withdrawal period in horses is 45 days.

 

Drugs prohibited by FDA for use in food animals

The following drugs, families of drugs, and substances are
prohibited for extralabel animal and human drug uses in food-producing
animals.

    (1) Chloramphenicol
    (2) Clenbuterol
    (3) Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
    (4) Dimetridazole
    (5) Ipronidazole
    (6) Other nitroimidazoles
    (7) Furazolidone
    (8) Nitrofurazone
(i.e. dimetridazole, metronidazole, ipronidazole)
    (9) Sulfonamide drugs in lactating dairy cattle
(except approved use
of sulfadimethoxine, sulfabromomethazine, and sulfaethoxypyridazine)

    (10) Fluoroquinolones
    (11) Glycopeptides
(i.e. vancomycin)

Additionally:

Dipyrone - Dipyrone-containing products are not available for either humans or animals, and not typically included on prohibited lists. Old stockpiles of the drug, however, do occasionally surface. Any use of dipyrone in food animals remains a violation of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act.

Phenylbutazone added to the above list in 2003

Gentian Violet

Details on these drugs in an easy to understand format.

SOME OF THE more common DRUGS USED IN HORSES

Information from the Database of Approved Animal Drug Products/FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine/VMRCVM Drug Information Lab

Drug Name Horsemeat for Human Consumption Indications of Use
Acetazolamide Material Safety Data Sheet used to control symptoms of HyPP (Paints and Quarter Horses) *AQHA members oppose proposed discontinuance of registration for horses effected with HyPP.  Some members, opposed to the move, state that they will send these horses to slaughter.  
Agribon Injection 40%, Albon® Horse, not for meat production Respiratory, soft tissue infections
Agricillin Pen Aqueous, Aqua-Cillin, Penicillin G Co-op Horse, not for meat production Bacterial Pneumonia
Anaprime® Suspension Horse, not for meat production Arthritis, carpitis, osselitis
Anthelcide EQ® Suspension Horse, not for meat production.  Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Anthelcide EQ® Paste Horse, not for meat production.  Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Banamine® Injectable Solution Horse, not for meat production.  Not for use in horses intended for food. Pain and inflamation
Baytril (a Fluoroquinolone)

Fluoroquinolones are prohibited in food animals.

from the Washington Post:  Lawmakers' Help for Drug Firm Tests Limits

Bacterial infections
Benza-Pen Not for use in horses intended for food. Bacterial infections
Bimectin Not for use in horses intended for food. Wormer
Carbocaine®-V Sterile Aqueous Solution Horse, not for meat production.  Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Anesthetic
Combi-PEN-48, Combicillin® (Rx) Horse, not for meat production Bacterial infections
Crysticillin Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Strangles
Dihydrostreptomycin Horse, no use class stated or implied.  Discontinued use 30 days slaughter for food Leptospirosis
Dura-biotic, Flo-cillin® Horse, not for meat production Bacterial infections
Equell Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Equimax Paste Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
EQUIMECTRIN® Paste 1.87%, Eqvalan®, Eqvalan® Paste For Horses, ZIMECTERIN® Paste 1.87% Horse, not for meat production.  Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Equipoise®

Horse, not for meat production.

Do not administer to horses intended for human consumption.

As an aid for treating debilitated horses when an improvement in weight, hair coat, or general physical condition is desired.

Equioxx Oral Paste Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Pain and inflamation
Equizone 100 Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Inflammation
Eqvalan® Oral Liquid, Eqvalan® Oral Liquid For Horses Horse, not for meat production.  Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Flucort® Solution Horse, not for meat production Inflammation
Flunazine™ Horse, not for meat production Inflammation, pain, colic
Flunixin Injection Horse, excluding breeding stock and not for food Inflammation and pain, colic
Flunixin Meglumine Injection, Flunixin Meglumine Solution Not for use in horses intended for food Inflammation and pain, colic
GastroGard® Horse, foals 4 weeks and older, not for food.  Horse, not for meat production.  Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Treatment of gastric ulcers
Gentamicin Sulfate Solution, Legacy Sterile Solution Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Bacterial infections
Gentamicin Sulfate Solution Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Bacterial infections
Gentaglyde Solution Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Bacterial infections
Gentamicin Sulfate Solution Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Bacterial infections
Gentamex 100 Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Bacterial infections
Horsehoer's Secret Thrush Treatment Aid Do not use in horse intended for human consumption. Thrush
Hydrochlorothiazide Material Safety Data Sheet used to control symptoms of HyPP (Paints and Quarter Horses) 
Hylartin® V Horse, not for meat production.  Do not use in horse intended for human consumption. Joint healing
Isoflurane, USP Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Induction and maintenance of surgical anesthesia
Ivercide Liquid, Ivermectin Liquid, Phoenectin Liquid Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Ivermectin Paste 1.87 % Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Iversol Liquid Horse, not for meat production.  Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Jetpen Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Strangles
Kopertox Horse, not for meat production Thrush
Lasix® Injectable Solution, Salix™ Injection 5%

Horse, not for meat production.

Do not use in horses intended for human consumption.

Diuretic used to control bleeding in race horses
Naxcel® Sterile Powder Horse, not for meat production.  Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Treatment of respiratory infections.
Penicillin G Procaine Aqueous, Sterile Penicillin G Benzathine Horse, not for meat production Bacterial infections
Phoenectin Paste 1.87% Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Primectin Equine Oral Liquid Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Pritox Horse, not for meat production.  Pony, not for food. Thrush
Pro-Pen G Horse, not for meat production Strangles
Pro-Pen G In Aqueous Suspension Horse, not for meat production Strangles
Sedivet 1% Injection Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Sedative and analgesic
SparMectin-E Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Sulmet® Oblets Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Bacterial pneumonia, enteritis, strangles
Tribrissen® 48% Injection Horse, not for meat production.  Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. Where systemic anti-bacterial action against sensitive organisms is required during treatment of acute strangles, respiratory tract infections, acute urogenital infections, and wound infections and abscesses.
Tribrissen® 400 Oral Paste Horse, not for meat production.  Not for use in horses intended for human consumption. For horses where systemic antibacterial action against sensitive organisms is required during treatment of acute strangles, respiratory infections, acute urogenital infections, and wound infections and abscesses.
UlcerGard Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Gastric Ulcers
Zimecterin® Gold Paste Horse, foals 2 months and older, not for food.  Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
Zimecterin-EZ Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Wormer
More Horse, not for meat production. Common medications used in the treatment and health maintenance of horses.

 
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Documented Violations by U.S. Slaughterhouses

2002 Dallas Crown failed to meet regulatory requirements for E. coli

 

2000 letter from Department of Health and Human Services regarding drugs found in horse for slaughter at Dallas Crown.

 

5/26/2006 Beltex receives Letter of Warning for Inhumane Treatment/Slaughter from Food Safety and Inspection Service stemming from 3/27/06.

 

8/17/2006 Beltex receives Letter of Warning from Food Safety and Inspection Service.

While there seems to be some concern in testing for Trichinosis in horsemeat, it does not seem to extend to the testing for drugs in horsemeat.

If horse slaughter in the U.S. for sale as meat for human consumption to foreign markets does not alarm you, please read the following, submitted by someone well versed on medications in horses.

Consider it carefully.

I am in a unique position, having been a drug rep/ and pharmaceutical advisor for 18 yrs. to veterinarians. My products include euthanasia solution and various other popular therapeutic agents. I have worked closely with equine doctors at many nationally recognized horse events. I worked on the Horse Park in ‘96, and most major 3 day events. I have been an active horse owner and a recent PMU foal adopter. 

The horse slaughter industry is nothing more than subsidized bad management. It is an "Enabler" to poor choices and accountability. We don't get to take our unwanted puppies to the pound and get paid by the weight to process and euthanize them. They are not eaten as a delicacy afterwards. One pro slaughter listed horse meat as a necessary food source, but everyone calls it a delicacy that is very expensive. I can honestly tell you that euthanasia solution costs less than a meal for two at a chain restaurant. The syringe costs 50 cents. If you have been a good customer of your vet he should do the euthanasia for around $125. Just so you know, he may be more nervous about this than you are. Most equine doctors love horses and find euthanasia very stressful - from the pharmaceutical point of view. I know what drugs are being put into horses and they should never go for human consumption. Look up the side effects on Isoxsuprine, Clenbuterol, Trimethsulfa, Gentocin, Lasix, Acepromazine, Xylazine, Dormosedan, Bannamine, Baytrill 100, Omeprazole, Dexamethasone, and antihistamines. These are all found in quantity in a lot of the racing stock; this is just the legal stuff.  Then there is the compounded stuff like Erythro hip, copper something, iron something - the list goes on.  I wonder what the shippers give them to get them to the processing plants in one piece? Horses needing these drugs are usually on their last legs and off to the meat packer the next week. Where is the drug testing of the meat in any of this? 

A relatively new and popular way of diagnosing bone injuries in horses is nuclear bone scanning which results in an injection of low level radioactive dye.  The scan is based on the uptake of these dyes. Guess who gets this the most? Track horses and high performance horses. I don't know what the shelf life of it is in a horse but they stay in clinic for 24-48 hrs. I can't begin to imagine that oral /gastronomical factors were ever considered for these products as they were originally designed for human use, and we don't eat people.....Does the FDA have a contingency plan for the introduction of exposed horse flesh to the European market? Do they even know to test for it? After what is going on in London today, I suspect that is the last thing any Frenchman wants on his plate. Bon appetite!  Except for the label that says “not for human consumption” or “intended for slaughter” is this issue addressed. With any drugs. If I were a European, I wouldn't touch the stuff. American beef is much safer than horse meat. Cows are generally not treated for lameness. When ranchers who breed horses like cows can no longer get 50cents a pound they will start breeding responsibly. A horse life is not money in the bank - It is a friend you paid for....The horse market may drop out for a while, but then it should come back with better quality and a better market based on sound investment of knowledgeable breeding and care. Why should anyone get paid to ruin and neglect a horse? 

I have contacted both my senators and I believe they are on board. My congressman is unfortunately behind the times, but was up for re-election and I did not vote for him. I have 4 horses from top producing American and Polish sires. They were cast offs of a bad market that lost its tax shelter. I have a breeding to a top 10 stallion I can use. I will not. There are plenty of good horses needing homes. 

The most shocking thing that I have read lately was about the girl who took her barrel horse to slaughter. She was given a tour of the plant as if it were his retirement home. I hope she stood there and looked him in the eye. Two years ago, I lost a good mare to a freak lightning storm. The other horses were devastated. I let them say goodbye. One older gelding would not even enter the pasture where she lay. He was terrified and sniffing the air from 200 feet away. He whinnied, bolted sideways, ran in circles and we took him back to the barn. It was right then that I knew how incredibly cognitive horses really are. I can't even begin to imagine him in a processing plant. He would have killed himself long before his final walk. Those horses that do go all the way have incredible dignity and trust of people. To bury the mare it cost me $70.00. Many people who own heavy equipment are sympathetic to the problem and will do it for very little cost. I am wondering when and why news stations will ever show the actual process of euthanasia of animals, and horses in processing plants.  How fast all of this would come to an end. My mother could not even watch the video of the PMU mares in barns wearing their urine collection devices.  

Really and truly, Americans who love horses are being held emotional hostage by foreign owned, American subsidized, European opportunists who are exploiting
our free enterprise system. In essence, the French and Belgian owned slaughter facilities are running and setting the market value of the average American horse.  In a free country, American horse lovers have never known a day that their every decision for their horses has not been a carefully orchestrated attempt to keep them out of the meat buyers’ hands. In over 100 years no generation has ever had the pleasure of knowing it was ok to sell a horse or give it away and it not end up at a meat auction.  I truly believe that if horse slaughter was banned, then horse hoarding and neglect would go away. We deserve that freedom from foreign intrusion. We expect so much from our horse companion this is the least we can do. Thank you for your consideration.

 

To understand more about the legal use of drugs in horses, visit:

The Racing Medication and Testing Consortium, Inc.

and

RaceHorseDrugs.com

 

DRUGS found or used IN RACE HORSES

(From database of findings by the California Horse Racing Board.)

 

Intentional Medication Abuse in Horse Racing is Infrequent  (what is important to remember is that most medications in horses are allowed)

 

CHRB weekly Medication Reports

 

FDA Import Alert IA#68-08 --- 2/10/87 (re: drugs in race horses)

Drug Name Horsemeat for Human Consumption Indications of Use
Acepromazine Do not administer to horses for human consumption Tranquilizer
Albuterol Horse, not for meat production Bronchodilator
Banamine Horse, not for meat production Inflammation and pain
Benzocaine*    
Benzoylecgonine    
Betamethasone*    
Boldenone Horse, not for meat production (Equipoise) treatment of debilitated horses to improve condition
Bromhexine*    
Butazolidin Horse, not for meat production Inflammation
Butorphanol Horse, not for meat production Pain relief
Caffeine*    
Cetirizine*    
Chlorcyclizine*    
Clenbuterol (see more on clenbutorol poisoning) Prohibited for use in food animals Airway obstruction management
Dantrolene*    
Desmethylpryilamine*    
Detrorphan*    

Dexamethasone

Horse, not for meat production (Clinical and experimental data have demonstrated that corticosteroids administered orally or parenterally to animals may induce the first stage of parturition when administered during the last trimester of pregnancy and may precipitate premature parturition followed by dystocia, fetal death, retained placenta, and metritis.)

Corticosteroid - inflammation

Drug type:  Steroid hormone

Dextromethorphan*    
Diclofenac Not for horses intended for human consumption Pain and inflammation
Dipyrone/methylamioa Prohibited for use in food animals  
Dmso*    
Ephedrine*    
Flumethasone Not for horses intended for human consumption Inflammation
Flunixin Prohibited in horses intended for food anti-inflammatory
Flupirtine*    
Furosemide Not for horses intended for human consumption Lasix- Diuretic used to control bleeding in race horses
Guaifensesin*    
Heptaminol*    
Hydroxyethyl*    
Hydroxydantrolene*    
Hydroxylidocaine*    
Hydroxymepivacaine*    
Hydroxypropranolol*    
Hydroxyxylazine*    
Hydroxyzine*    
Indomethacin*    
Isoflupredone Horses, not for meat production  
Isoxsuprine*    
Ketoprofen Horse, excluding breeding stock and not for food  
Lidocaine Horses, not for meat production Anesthetic
M